| linguae |
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QUESTIONS ARISING FROM 76th. MEETING – 31/3/17
(the record of earlier meetings can be downloaded from the main Circulus page as can the version of Ciceronis Filius with illustrations added)
We were not able instantly to come up with a Latin phrase for mapo daufu (i.e. bean curd with chili and a little mincemeat in sauce). An equivalent using purely classical vocabulary might be caseus fabārius anūs maculātae (`speckled old woman’s bean cheese’) but daufum cum capisco carneque (`tofu with pepper and meat’) would be clearer to the uninitiated and, throwing purism to the winds, mapodaufum would be simplest. John explained that bacillus (little stick) was the word used by the early Jesuits for `chopstick’, a discovery made by Eugene after the Circulus had for some years been using the less authentic clavula (`little twig’). Nobody could remember the Latin for `vegetarian’ but subsequent investigation came up with the late Latin vegetārius.
spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās
We read and translated chapter I of Genesis from the Vulgate, noting in particular the use of quod with the subjunctive with anticipatory placing of the subject in the main clause, where classical Latin would simply have used an accusative and infinitive. For example: vīdit Deus lūcem quod esset bona (`God saw the light that it was good’), equivalent to the earlier vīdit Deus lūcem esse bonam (`God saw the light to be good’). The later medieval construction was generally vīdit quod lūx erat bona, with the indicative and without any extraction of the subject into the main clause. The Vulgate often used the subjunctive, presumably reflecting that mood’s normal employment to focus on a statement’s existence in somebody’s mind rather than in reality although (at least in the Old Testament) it can also be a simple variant on the indicative without any difference of meaning. The quod plus subjunctive construction, though not standard in the Classical language, was occasionally used. For example in chapter 36 of the Bellum Hispanicum (written around 45 B.C.by one of Julius Caesar’s officers) we have Renūntiāvērunt quod Pompēium in potestāte habērent (`They announced that they had Pompey in their power’) and in the 2nd. Century A.D. biographer Suetonius (Life of Titus) recordātus quondam super cēnam quod nihil cuiquam tōtō diē praestitisset (`remembering once over supper that he had given nothing to anyone the whole day’). The Vulgate’s placement of the subject as an object in the main clause seems to be an imitation of the Greek idiom (εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ φῶς, ὅτι καλόν, `God saw the light that [it was] beautiful’). See the two references kindly provided by Eugene:
Nunn’s An Introduction to Ecclesiastical Latin (pp.51-54) https://archive.org/stream/introductiontoec00nunnuoft#page/50/mode/2up );
Plater and White’s A grammar of the Vulgate (p.120)
https://archive.org/stream/AGrammarOfTheVulgateByPlaterAndWhite/AGrammarOfTheVulgate#page/n127/mode/2up
We also noted other unclassical phrases For lūmināria sint in signa et tempora et diēs et annōs (literally `let the luminaries be into signs and days and times and days and years’) for which the Classical Latin would probably have been sint signa temporum et diērum et annōrum. Another rather strange idiom, presumably reflecting the structure of the original Hebrew is factum est vespere et māne, diēs ūnus (`it was done in the evening and the morning, day one’). The Bible Hub website provides an interlinear translation of the Hebrew text and the same site also has detailed commentaries that sometimes discuss linguistic issues but it is, of course, impossible to get to grips with the original without extensive prior study of the Hebrew language.
The contrast between Classical Latin can be convenient studied by comparing Jerome’s version of Genesis with Sebastian Castellio’s attempt to produce a translation in Ciceronian style (Biblia sacra, 1551). Chapter 1 of the latter can be read and listened to on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bP_qUcxYo Castellio is best known today for his passionate defence of freedom of expression and condemnation of the execution at Geneva, on Calvin’s orders, of a theologian who had committed the `blasphemy’ of denying the doctrine of the Trinity (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio )
We read and translated chapter I of Genesis from the Vulgate, noting in particular the use of quod with the subjunctive with anticipatory placing of the subject in the main clause, where classical Latin would simply have used an accusative and infinitive. For example: vīdit Deus lūcem quod esset bona (`God saw the light that it was good’), equivalent to the earlier vīdit Deus lūcem esse bonam (`God saw the light to be good’). The later medieval construction was generally vīdit quod lūx erat bona, with the indicative and without any extraction of the subject into the main clause. The Vulgate often used the subjunctive, presumably reflecting that mood’s normal employment to focus on a statement’s existence in somebody’s mind rather than in reality although (at least in the Old Testament) it can also be a simple variant on the indicative without any difference of meaning. The quod plus subjunctive construction, though not standard in the Classical language, was occasionally used. For example in chapter 36 of the Bellum Hispanicum (written around 45 B.C.by one of Julius Caesar’s officers) we have Renūntiāvērunt quod Pompēium in potestāte habērent (`They announced that they had Pompey in their power’) and in the 2nd. Century A.D. biographer Suetonius (Life of Titus) recordātus quondam super cēnam quod nihil cuiquam tōtō diē praestitisset (`remembering once over supper that he had given nothing to anyone the whole day’). The Vulgate’s placement of the subject as an object in the main clause seems to be an imitation of the Greek idiom (εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ φῶς, ὅτι καλόν, `God saw the light that [it was] beautiful’). See the two references kindly provided by Eugene:
Nunn’s An Introduction to Ecclesiastical Latin (pp.51-54) https://archive.org/stream/introductiontoec00nunnuoft#page/50/mode/2up );
Plater and White’s A grammar of the Vulgate (p.120)
https://archive.org/stream/AGrammarOfTheVulgateByPlaterAndWhite/AGrammarOfTheVulgate#page/n127/mode/2up
We also noted other unclassical phrases For lūmināria sint in signa et tempora et diēs et annōs (literally `let the luminaries be into signs and days and times and days and years’) for which the Classical Latin would probably have been sint signa temporum et diērum et annōrum. Another rather strange idiom, presumably reflecting the structure of the original Hebrew is factum est vespere et māne, diēs ūnus (`it was done in the evening and the morning, day one’). The Bible Hub website provides an interlinear translation of the Hebrew text and the same site also has detailed commentaries that sometimes discuss linguistic issues but it is, of course, impossible to get to grips with the original without extensive prior study of the Hebrew language.
The contrast between Classical Latin can be convenient studied by comparing Jerome’s version of Genesis with Sebastian Castellio’s attempt to produce a translation in Ciceronian style (Biblia sacra, 1551). Chapter 1 of the latter can be read and listened to on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bP_qUcxYo Castellio is best known today for his passionate defence of freedom of expression and condemnation of the execution at Geneva, on Calvin’s orders, of a theologian who had committed the `blasphemy’ of denying the doctrine of the Trinity (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio )
Sebastiānus Castelliō (1515-1563), prōfessor pūblicus litterārum Graecārum in Academiā Bāsilēnsī
Also on the linguistic front we noted the use in Latn of all periods of an adjective on its own as an abbreviation of a noun-adjective phrase: eg. porcīna (literally of a pig) for carō porcīna (`flesh of pig’, ie. pork) or, in this week’s reading, ārida for (presumably) rēs ārida (`dry thing’, `dry material’). The very common word patria (native land, fatherland) is similarly an abbreviation for terra patria. The modern Chinese 祖國 (Cantonese: jou gwok, Mandarin: zuo gwo), literally `ancestor land’, `land of our fathers’ has a similar structure. Zhang Wei pointed out that this was a calque (loan translation) apparently introduced into the language from Japanese, there being no such phrase in classical Chinese. Finally Don himself pointed out that `Zhang Wei’ was the commonest two-syllable name in China. Zhang Wei explained that, though this was true of the Pinyin transliteration, the second character of 張渭 is relatively rare.
We did not have time to read the articles by Vittorio (`Victorius’) Ciarrocchi on Clara Hollingworth and on the celebrated photo of a sailor kissing a surprised nurse in Times Square on VJ Day in 1945 (see the plain Latin text at http://linguae.weebly.com/initium-et-finis-belli.html). It is intended to read these at the next meeting, by which time John will hopefully have been able to provide macrons and glossing. Don did, however, talk about meeting the lady herself in Beijing in 1975 when she was serving as the first correspondent of a British newspaper and Don himself a member of the first British student party to take up residence there after China began to open up.
GENESIS
The text is the Clementine (1592) edition of the Vulgate, downloaded from http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/poly/gen001.htm but with macrons added. The distinction between long and short vowels was probably beginning to break down in St. Jerome’s time (late 4th century) but it is better for learners to maintain the habit of pronouncing according to the classical norm, especially if they intend to read classical poetry. I have retained the use of `j’ for consonantal `i’, which was introduced in the Middle Ages and is normal in church texts. I have also kept the `æ’ for`ae’, even though the latter is more appropriate for the diphthongal pronunciation which I am recommending and which most philologists believe was standard until replaced by a simple vowel in late antiquity.
Note that the superscript numbers in the King James column of the Polyglot Bible give the original Hebrew word and its meaning(s).
Chapter 1
1 In prīncipiō creāvit Deus cælum et terram.
In beginning created God heaven and earth
2 Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebræ erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur[1] super aquās.
Earth however was void and empty and darkness was over face of-abyss and spirit of-God was-moving over waters
3 Dīxitque Deus: Fīat lūx. Et facta est lūx.
And-said God let-be-made light and made was light
4 Et vīdit Deus lūcem quod[2] esset bona: et dīvīsit lūcem ā tenebrīs.
And saw God light that it-was good and he-divided light from darkness
5 Appellāvitque lūcem Diem, et tenebrās Noctem: factumque est vespere et māne, diēs ūnus.[3]
And-he-called the-light day and the-darkness night and-done it-was in-evening and in-morning
6 Dīxit quoque Deus: Fīat firmāmentum in mediō aquārum:[4] et dīvidat aquās ab aquīs.
Said also God let-be-made firmament in middle of-waters and let-it-divide waters from waters
7 Et fēcit Deus firmāmentum, dīvisitque aquās, quæ erant sub firmāmentō, ab hīs, quæ erant super firmāmentum.
And made God firmament and-divided waters which were under firmament from these which were above firmamentum
Et factum est ita.
and done it-was thus
8 Vocāvitque Deus firmāmentum Cælum: et factum est vespere et māne, diēs secundus.
And-called God firmament Heaven and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day second
9 Dīxit vērō Deus: Congregentur aquæ, quæ sub cælō sunt, in locum ūnum: et appareat ārida.[5] Et factum est ita.
Said indeed God let-be-gathered-together waters which under heaven ar e into place one and let-there-appear dry[thing] and done it-was thus
10 Et vocāvit Deus āridam Terram, congregātiōnēsque aquārum appellāvit Maria. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
and called God dry[thing] land and-accumulations of-waters he-called seas and saw God tha t it-was good
11 Et ait: Germinet terra herbam virentem, et facientem sēmen, et lignum[6]
and he-says let-put-forth earth plant-life green and producing seed and tree
pōmiferum faciēns frūctum juxtā genus suum, cuius sēmen in sēmetipsō sit super terram. Et factum est ita.
fruit-bearing producing fruit according-to species its whose seed in itself may-be upon earth and done it-was thus
12 Et prōtulit terra herbam virentem, et facientem sēmen juxtā genus suum, lignumque faciēns frūctum, et habēns
and brought-forth earth plant-life green and producing seed according-to kind its and-tree producing fruit and having
ūnumquodque sēmentem secundum speciem suam. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
each-one seed according-to species its and saw God that it-was good
13 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs tertius.
and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day third
14 Dīxit autem Deus: Fīant lūmināria in firmāmentō cælī, et dīvidant diem ac noctem, et sint in signa et tempora,
Said moreover God let-be-made light-givers in firmament of-heaven and let-them-divide day and night and may-they-be for sign s and seasons
et diēs et annōs:
and days and years
15 ut lūceant in firmāmentō cæli, et illūminent terram. Et factum est ita.
s o-that they-may-shine in firmament of-heaven and illuminate earth and done it-was thus
16 Fēcitque Deus duo lūmināria magna: lūmināre maius, ut præesset diēī: et lūmināre minus, ut præesset noctī: et stellās.
and-made God two light-bearers great light-bearer greater that it-might-rule-over day and light-bearer lesser that it-might-rule-over night and stars
17 Et posuit eās in firmāmentō cæli, ut lūcērent super terram,
and he-placed them in firmament of-heaven that they-might-shine above earth
18 et præessent diēī ac noctī, et dīviderent lūcem ac tenebrās. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum
and might-rule-over day and night and divide light and darkness and saw God that it-was good
19 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs quartus.
And done it-was in-evening and in-morning day fourth
20 Dīxit etiam Deus: Prōdūcant aquæ reptile animæ[7] vīventis, et volātile super terram sub firmāmentō cælī.
Said also God let-bring-forth waters crawling-thing of-breath living and flying-thing above earth under firmament of-heaven
21 Creāvitque Deus cētē[8] grandia, et omnem animam vīventem atque mōtābilem, quam prōdūxerant aquæ in speciēs suās,
And-created God sea-creatures large and every breathing-thing living and mobile which had-produced waters into species their
et omne volātile secundum genus suum. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
and every flying-thing according-to kind its-own and saw God that it-was good
22 Benedīxitque eīs, dīcēns: Crēscite, et multiplicāminī, et replēte aquās maris: avēsque multiplicentur super terram.
and-he-gave-blessing to-them saying grow and multiply and fill waters of-sea and-birds let-be-multiplied above earth
23 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs quīntus.
and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day fifth
24 Dīxit quoque Deus: Prōdūcat terra animam vīventem in genere suō, jūmenta, et reptilia, et bēstiās terræ secundum
said also God let-bring-forth earth breath living in kind own beasts-of-burdenand crawling-things and beasts of-earth according-to
speciēs suās. Factumque est ita.
species their-own and-done it-was thus
25 Et fēcit Deus bēstiās terræ juxtā speciēs suās, et jūmenta, et omne reptile terrae in genere suō. Et vīdit Deus quod
and made God beasts of-earth according-to species their-own and beasts-of-burden and every crawling-thing of-earth in kind own and saw God that
esset bonum,
it-was good
26 et ait: Faciāmus hominem ad imāginem et similitūdinem nostram: et præsit piscibus maris, et volātilibus cæli, et bēstiīs,
and he-says let-us-make human in image and likeness our and let-him-rule-over fish of-sea and birds of-sky and beasts
ūniversæque terræ, omnīque reptilī, quod movētur[9] in terrā.
and-whole earth and -every crawling-thing that moves on earth
27 Et creāvit Deus hominem ad imāginem suam: ad imāginem Deī creāvit illum, masculum et fēminam creāvit eōs.
And created God human in image his-own in image of-God he-created him male and female he-created them.
28 Benedīxitque illīs Deus, et ait: Crēscite et multiplicāminī, et replēte terram, et subjicite[10] eam, et domināminī piscibus
and-gave-blessing to-them God and said grow and be-multiplied and fill earth and subjugate it and dominate-over fish
maris, et volātilibus cælī, et ūniversīs animantibus, quæ moventur super terram.
of-sea and birds of-sky and all living-things which move upon earth
29 Dīxitque Deus: Ecce dedī vōbīs omnem herbam afferentem sēmen super terram, et ūniversa ligna quæ habent in
And-said God behold I-have-given to-you every plant bearing seed upon earth and all trees which have in
sēmetipsīs sēmentem generis suī, ut sint vōbīs in escam:
themselves seeding of-kind own that they-may-be for-you into food
30 et cūnctīs animantibus terræ, omnīque volucrī cælī, et ūniversīs quæ moventur in terrā, et in quibus est anima vīvens,
and to-all living-things of-land and-every flying-thing of-sky and to-all-things which move on land and in which there-is breath living
ut habeant ad vēscendum.[11] Et factum est ita.
that they-may-have-them for feeding-upon and done it-was thus
31 Vīditque Deus cūncta quæ fēcerat, et erant valdē bona. Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs sextus.
and-saw God all-things which he-had-made and they-were very good and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day sixth
NOTES:
[1] ferēbātur is literally `was being carried’.
[2] The use of quod (or quia) to introduce reported speech became common in post-classical Latin although the classical accusative and infinitive construction (vīdit lūcem esse bonam).
[3] factum est is best regarded as impersonal (`it was done’ or it came to pass’) whilst the phrase diēs ūnus (and similar expressions after each day of creation) is not part of the sentence structure (which would have required factus est) but tacked on like an item in a list Evenin is mentioned first as the Jewish day ran from sunset to sunset.
[4] The classical idiom would have been in mediīs aquīs
[5] i.e. rēs arida (cf. patria for terra patria (fatherland), porcīna for carō porcīna (pork) etc.)
[6] lignum, -I n usually meant `wood’ or `timber’ in classical Latin but can mean `tree’ in the Vulgate
[7] anima (etymologically connected with Greek anemos, wind) , can mean breath. life or soul. The Hebrew similarly has the basic meaning of `breathing thing’, with an extended range of metaphorical meanings. The root is cognate with the Greek anemos (wind),
[8] cētus, -ī m, any large sea creature (whale, dolphin etc.) had an alternative plural accusative form cētē, borrowed from the Greek neuter noun, cētos
[9] movētur means literally `is moved’
[10] In classical Latin this would normally have been written subicite, with the single `i’ representing the combination of consonant and vowel (`yi’ in modern English orthography).
[11] The words dedī omnem herbam etc. from the previous clause; i.e. the plants are given to animals as well as to men.
Also on the linguistic front we noted the use in Latn of all periods of an adjective on its own as an abbreviation of a noun-adjective phrase: eg. porcīna (literally of a pig) for carō porcīna (`flesh of pig’, ie. pork) or, in this week’s reading, ārida for (presumably) rēs ārida (`dry thing’, `dry material’). The very common word patria (native land, fatherland) is similarly an abbreviation for terra patria. The modern Chinese 祖國 (Cantonese: jou gwok, Mandarin: zuo gwo), literally `ancestor land’, `land of our fathers’ has a similar structure. Zhang Wei pointed out that this was a calque (loan translation) apparently introduced into the language from Japanese, there being no such phrase in classical Chinese. Finally Don himself pointed out that `Zhang Wei’ was the commonest two-syllable name in China. Zhang Wei explained that, though this was true of the Pinyin transliteration, the second character of 張渭 is relatively rare.
We did not have time to read the articles by Vittorio (`Victorius’) Ciarrocchi on Clara Hollingworth and on the celebrated photo of a sailor kissing a surprised nurse in Times Square on VJ Day in 1945 (see the plain Latin text at http://linguae.weebly.com/initium-et-finis-belli.html). It is intended to read these at the next meeting, by which time John will hopefully have been able to provide macrons and glossing. Don did, however, talk about meeting the lady herself in Beijing in 1975 when she was serving as the first correspondent of a British newspaper and Don himself a member of the first British student party to take up residence there after China began to open up.
GENESIS
The text is the Clementine (1592) edition of the Vulgate, downloaded from http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/poly/gen001.htm but with macrons added. The distinction between long and short vowels was probably beginning to break down in St. Jerome’s time (late 4th century) but it is better for learners to maintain the habit of pronouncing according to the classical norm, especially if they intend to read classical poetry. I have retained the use of `j’ for consonantal `i’, which was introduced in the Middle Ages and is normal in church texts. I have also kept the `æ’ for`ae’, even though the latter is more appropriate for the diphthongal pronunciation which I am recommending and which most philologists believe was standard until replaced by a simple vowel in late antiquity.
Note that the superscript numbers in the King James column of the Polyglot Bible give the original Hebrew word and its meaning(s).
Chapter 1
1 In prīncipiō creāvit Deus cælum et terram.
In beginning created God heaven and earth
2 Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebræ erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur[1] super aquās.
Earth however was void and empty and darkness was over face of-abyss and spirit of-God was-moving over waters
3 Dīxitque Deus: Fīat lūx. Et facta est lūx.
And-said God let-be-made light and made was light
4 Et vīdit Deus lūcem quod[2] esset bona: et dīvīsit lūcem ā tenebrīs.
And saw God light that it-was good and he-divided light from darkness
5 Appellāvitque lūcem Diem, et tenebrās Noctem: factumque est vespere et māne, diēs ūnus.[3]
And-he-called the-light day and the-darkness night and-done it-was in-evening and in-morning
6 Dīxit quoque Deus: Fīat firmāmentum in mediō aquārum:[4] et dīvidat aquās ab aquīs.
Said also God let-be-made firmament in middle of-waters and let-it-divide waters from waters
7 Et fēcit Deus firmāmentum, dīvisitque aquās, quæ erant sub firmāmentō, ab hīs, quæ erant super firmāmentum.
And made God firmament and-divided waters which were under firmament from these which were above firmamentum
Et factum est ita.
and done it-was thus
8 Vocāvitque Deus firmāmentum Cælum: et factum est vespere et māne, diēs secundus.
And-called God firmament Heaven and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day second
9 Dīxit vērō Deus: Congregentur aquæ, quæ sub cælō sunt, in locum ūnum: et appareat ārida.[5] Et factum est ita.
Said indeed God let-be-gathered-together waters which under heaven ar e into place one and let-there-appear dry[thing] and done it-was thus
10 Et vocāvit Deus āridam Terram, congregātiōnēsque aquārum appellāvit Maria. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
and called God dry[thing] land and-accumulations of-waters he-called seas and saw God tha t it-was good
11 Et ait: Germinet terra herbam virentem, et facientem sēmen, et lignum[6]
and he-says let-put-forth earth plant-life green and producing seed and tree
pōmiferum faciēns frūctum juxtā genus suum, cuius sēmen in sēmetipsō sit super terram. Et factum est ita.
fruit-bearing producing fruit according-to species its whose seed in itself may-be upon earth and done it-was thus
12 Et prōtulit terra herbam virentem, et facientem sēmen juxtā genus suum, lignumque faciēns frūctum, et habēns
and brought-forth earth plant-life green and producing seed according-to kind its and-tree producing fruit and having
ūnumquodque sēmentem secundum speciem suam. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
each-one seed according-to species its and saw God that it-was good
13 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs tertius.
and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day third
14 Dīxit autem Deus: Fīant lūmināria in firmāmentō cælī, et dīvidant diem ac noctem, et sint in signa et tempora,
Said moreover God let-be-made light-givers in firmament of-heaven and let-them-divide day and night and may-they-be for sign s and seasons
et diēs et annōs:
and days and years
15 ut lūceant in firmāmentō cæli, et illūminent terram. Et factum est ita.
s o-that they-may-shine in firmament of-heaven and illuminate earth and done it-was thus
16 Fēcitque Deus duo lūmināria magna: lūmināre maius, ut præesset diēī: et lūmināre minus, ut præesset noctī: et stellās.
and-made God two light-bearers great light-bearer greater that it-might-rule-over day and light-bearer lesser that it-might-rule-over night and stars
17 Et posuit eās in firmāmentō cæli, ut lūcērent super terram,
and he-placed them in firmament of-heaven that they-might-shine above earth
18 et præessent diēī ac noctī, et dīviderent lūcem ac tenebrās. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum
and might-rule-over day and night and divide light and darkness and saw God that it-was good
19 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs quartus.
And done it-was in-evening and in-morning day fourth
20 Dīxit etiam Deus: Prōdūcant aquæ reptile animæ[7] vīventis, et volātile super terram sub firmāmentō cælī.
Said also God let-bring-forth waters crawling-thing of-breath living and flying-thing above earth under firmament of-heaven
21 Creāvitque Deus cētē[8] grandia, et omnem animam vīventem atque mōtābilem, quam prōdūxerant aquæ in speciēs suās,
And-created God sea-creatures large and every breathing-thing living and mobile which had-produced waters into species their
et omne volātile secundum genus suum. Et vīdit Deus quod esset bonum.
and every flying-thing according-to kind its-own and saw God that it-was good
22 Benedīxitque eīs, dīcēns: Crēscite, et multiplicāminī, et replēte aquās maris: avēsque multiplicentur super terram.
and-he-gave-blessing to-them saying grow and multiply and fill waters of-sea and-birds let-be-multiplied above earth
23 Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs quīntus.
and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day fifth
24 Dīxit quoque Deus: Prōdūcat terra animam vīventem in genere suō, jūmenta, et reptilia, et bēstiās terræ secundum
said also God let-bring-forth earth breath living in kind own beasts-of-burdenand crawling-things and beasts of-earth according-to
speciēs suās. Factumque est ita.
species their-own and-done it-was thus
25 Et fēcit Deus bēstiās terræ juxtā speciēs suās, et jūmenta, et omne reptile terrae in genere suō. Et vīdit Deus quod
and made God beasts of-earth according-to species their-own and beasts-of-burden and every crawling-thing of-earth in kind own and saw God that
esset bonum,
it-was good
26 et ait: Faciāmus hominem ad imāginem et similitūdinem nostram: et præsit piscibus maris, et volātilibus cæli, et bēstiīs,
and he-says let-us-make human in image and likeness our and let-him-rule-over fish of-sea and birds of-sky and beasts
ūniversæque terræ, omnīque reptilī, quod movētur[9] in terrā.
and-whole earth and -every crawling-thing that moves on earth
27 Et creāvit Deus hominem ad imāginem suam: ad imāginem Deī creāvit illum, masculum et fēminam creāvit eōs.
And created God human in image his-own in image of-God he-created him male and female he-created them.
28 Benedīxitque illīs Deus, et ait: Crēscite et multiplicāminī, et replēte terram, et subjicite[10] eam, et domināminī piscibus
and-gave-blessing to-them God and said grow and be-multiplied and fill earth and subjugate it and dominate-over fish
maris, et volātilibus cælī, et ūniversīs animantibus, quæ moventur super terram.
of-sea and birds of-sky and all living-things which move upon earth
29 Dīxitque Deus: Ecce dedī vōbīs omnem herbam afferentem sēmen super terram, et ūniversa ligna quæ habent in
And-said God behold I-have-given to-you every plant bearing seed upon earth and all trees which have in
sēmetipsīs sēmentem generis suī, ut sint vōbīs in escam:
themselves seeding of-kind own that they-may-be for-you into food
30 et cūnctīs animantibus terræ, omnīque volucrī cælī, et ūniversīs quæ moventur in terrā, et in quibus est anima vīvens,
and to-all living-things of-land and-every flying-thing of-sky and to-all-things which move on land and in which there-is breath living
ut habeant ad vēscendum.[11] Et factum est ita.
that they-may-have-them for feeding-upon and done it-was thus
31 Vīditque Deus cūncta quæ fēcerat, et erant valdē bona. Et factum est vespere et māne, diēs sextus.
and-saw God all-things which he-had-made and they-were very good and done it-was in-evening and in-morning day sixth
NOTES:
[1] ferēbātur is literally `was being carried’.
[2] The use of quod (or quia) to introduce reported speech became common in post-classical Latin although the classical accusative and infinitive construction (vīdit lūcem esse bonam).
[3] factum est is best regarded as impersonal (`it was done’ or it came to pass’) whilst the phrase diēs ūnus (and similar expressions after each day of creation) is not part of the sentence structure (which would have required factus est) but tacked on like an item in a list Evenin is mentioned first as the Jewish day ran from sunset to sunset.
[4] The classical idiom would have been in mediīs aquīs
[5] i.e. rēs arida (cf. patria for terra patria (fatherland), porcīna for carō porcīna (pork) etc.)
[6] lignum, -I n usually meant `wood’ or `timber’ in classical Latin but can mean `tree’ in the Vulgate
[7] anima (etymologically connected with Greek anemos, wind) , can mean breath. life or soul. The Hebrew similarly has the basic meaning of `breathing thing’, with an extended range of metaphorical meanings. The root is cognate with the Greek anemos (wind),
[8] cētus, -ī m, any large sea creature (whale, dolphin etc.) had an alternative plural accusative form cētē, borrowed from the Greek neuter noun, cētos
[9] movētur means literally `is moved’
[10] In classical Latin this would normally have been written subicite, with the single `i’ representing the combination of consonant and vowel (`yi’ in modern English orthography).
[11] The words dedī omnem herbam etc. from the previous clause; i.e. the plants are given to animals as well as to men.
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